ABSTRACT
Antibiotics and pesticides, as well as various emerging contaminants that are present in surface waters, raise significant environmental concerns. Advanced oxidation processes, which are employed to eliminate these substances, have demonstrated remarkable effectiveness. However, during the degradation process, by-products that are not completely mineralized are generated, posing a substantial risk to aquatic ecosystem organisms; therefore, it is crucial to assess effluent ecotoxicity following treatment. This study aimed to assess the toxicity of effluents produced during the removal of amoxicillin and glyphosate with a Fenton-type process using a laminar structure catalyzed with iron (Fe) and copper (Cu). The evaluation included the use of Daphnia magna, Selenastrum capricornutum, and Lactuca sativa, and mutagenicity testing was performed using strains TA98 and TA100 of Salmonella typhimurium. Both treated and untreated effluents exhibited inhibitory effects on root growth in L. sativa, even at low concentrations ranging from 1% to 10% v/v. Similarly, negative impacts on the growth of algal cells of S. capricornutum were observed at concentrations as low as 0.025% v/v, particularly in cases involving amoxicillin-copper (Cu) and glyphosate with copper (Cu) and iron (Fe). Notably, in the case of D. magna, mortality was noticeable even at concentrations of 10% v/v. Additionally, the treatment of amoxicillin with double-layer hydroxides of Fe and Cu resulted in mutagenicity (IM ≥ 2.0), highlighting the necessity to treat the effluent further from the advanced oxidation process to reduce ecological risks.
Subject(s)
Amoxicillin , Copper , Glyphosate , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Amoxicillin/isolation & purification , Catalysis , Copper/chemistry , Ecotoxicology , Glyphosate/isolation & purification , Iron/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Oseltamivir, a pro-drug, is the best option for treatment and chemoprophylaxis for influenza outbreaks. However, many patients treated with oseltamivir developed adverse reactions, including hypersensitivity, gastritis, and neurological symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in Mexican patients treated with oseltamivir and whether these ADRs are associated with SNPs of the genes involved in the metabolism, transport, and interactions of oseltamivir. This study recruited 310 Mexican patients with acute respiratory diseases and treated them with oseltamivir (75 mg/day for 5 days) because they were suspected to have influenza A/H1N1 virus infection. Clinical data were obtained from medical records and interviews. Genotyping was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction and TaqMan probes. The association was assessed under genetic models with contingency tables and logistic regression analysis. Out of 310 patients, only 38 (12.25%) presented ADRs to oseltamivir: hypersensitivity (1.9%), gastritis (10%), and depression and anxiety (0.9%). The polymorphism ABCB1-rs1045642 was associated with adverse drug reactions under the recessive model (P = 0.017); allele C was associated with no adverse drug reactions, while allele T was associated with adverse drug reactions. The polymorphisms SLC15A1-rs2297322, ABCB1-rs2032582, and CES1-rs2307243 were not consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and no other associations were found for the remaining polymorphisms. In conclusion, the polymorphism rs1045642 in the transporter encoded by the ABCB1 gene is a potential predictive biomarker of ADRs in oseltamivir treatment.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/metabolism , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/genetics , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/metabolism , Oseltamivir/metabolism , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics , Respiration Disorders/genetics , Respiration Disorders/metabolism , Acute Disease , Adolescent , Adult , Antiviral Agents/adverse effects , Biological Transport/physiology , Child , Drug Interactions/physiology , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/epidemiology , Female , Genetic Association Studies/methods , Humans , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/isolation & purification , Influenza, Human/drug therapy , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Influenza, Human/genetics , Influenza, Human/metabolism , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Oseltamivir/adverse effects , Protein Transport/physiology , Respiration Disorders/drug therapy , Respiration Disorders/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Young AdultABSTRACT
The bio-flocculants used in this study were synthesised by the Mannich reaction, which includes three reagents: a substrate (tannin extracts of Acacia, Quebracho, and Castanea), formaldehyde, and an amine derivative (ethanolamine, diethanolamine, ammonium chloride). Nine natural flocculants were prepared by combining extracts and amines; these products were evaluated in three different wastewater samples in two experimental phases. In phase I, five physicochemical parameters were analysed. From the data obtained, a multivariate, completely randomised design (CRD-Manava) was used, with a factorial arrangement and mean plots. In phase II, the three bio-flocculants with the most statistically significant responses and their mixtures were examined, evaluating 14 biological and physicochemical parameters. Statistical analysis was guided in this phase by CRD blocks, finding a significant removal in the physicochemical parameters analysed in the different types of wastewater and obtaining removal rates between 50 and 90%, depending on the parameter. At the end of both phases, the bio-flocculants acacia-ammonium chloride and quebracho-diethanolamine were the most efficient in the removal of turbidity (34-99%), true colour (93-100%) and total solids (12-99%). In addition, the natural flocculants showed low mutagenicity index (MI: 0.33-0.93) compared to aluminium sulphate (MI: 4.87-8.81).
